What is MOTS-c and how does it affect metabolism?

MOTS-c (Mitochondrial Open Reading Frame of the 12S rRNA-c) is a mitochondrial-derived peptide encoded by mitochondrial DNA rather than nuclear DNA. It functions as a mitochondrial signaling molecule that regulates metabolic homeostasis. Research shows MOTS-c improves insulin sensitivity, enhances glucose uptake by cells, promotes fatty acid oxidation, and protects against metabolic dysfunction. Studies in mice demonstrate protection against diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance. Some research suggests MOTS-c levels decline with age, potentially contributing to age-related metabolic decline. It's being investigated for metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes prevention, and age-related metabolic dysfunction. Typical research dosing ranges from 5-20 mg weekly via subcutaneous injection, though protocols vary. MOTS-c is not FDA-approved and human clinical trials are limited. It represents an emerging class of mitochondrial peptides that may offer novel approaches to metabolic health beyond traditional GLP-1 mechanisms. Quality sources and consistent dosing are challenges since it's primarily available through research channels.